Depilacion Masculina Free Essays

Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico Recinto Bayamon Bienestar y Calidad de Vida La depilacion Masculina Alexander Rosa Y00224459 Bienestar y Calidad de Vida EGEF 3000 Prof. Carlos J. Santiago Bibiloni Introduccion La depilacion masculina es un tema que hoy puede abordarse sin problema, con all out confianza. We will compose a custom exposition test on Depilacion Masculina or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Cada vez child mas los hombres que acuden an este tipo de proceso ya ocean por razones esteticas, higiene o deportivas. No obstante feed diferentes tipos de depilacion, entre ellas estan la depilacion con, ceras, electrica, cremas, cuchillas, pinzas, foto depilacion y laser que es mas famosa del siglo XXI. Siempre se debe consultar a su medico dermatologo para ver cual de las alternativas de depilacion es la mas segura para su piel. Segun el articulo â€Å"En boga la depilacion masculina†, de la Revista Contorno desde hace algun tiempo los hombres estan optando por deshacerse de el vello corporal y lo hacen sometiendose a la depilacion laser, esto por razones esteticas como higienicas. Los hombres que mas usan este servicio de depilacion child los ciclistas, nadadores, fisiculturistas, bailarines, modelos o cualquier hombre que le moleste el vello en exceso o el vello que le provoca mucha transpiracion. Segun una encuesta de la revista Men’s Fitness, â€Å"si los hombres pudieran cambiar una parte de sus cuerpos, el 54. 9% cambiaria sus foliculos capilares mas que sus musculos† (Clayton, 2008  ¶ 1). Las zonas que mas demandadas por los hombres para ser depiladas por laser child las siguientes (de city hall leader a menor importancia): zona second rate de la barba, espalda y hombros, torax y midsection, entrecejo, orejas, manos, pomulos y otras mas como piernas, brazos, nalgas†¦ Como menciona este articulo, la depilacion laser es un tratamiento que se aplica de acuerdo el caso. Este procedimiento dirige el haz de una luz continua que actua por foto termolisis selectiva: se trata de una longitud de onda que atraviesa las capas superficiales de la piel y que es absorbida por la melanina (pigmento presente en task tipo de vello salvo en las canas y el vello rubio), la cual al safeguard la energia luminosa se calienta provocando la destruccion de la matriz del vello y del foliculo piloso. Es un metodo rapido y comodo que consigue una depilacion duradera y en muchos casos definitiva. Este tipo de depilacion es efectiva tanto para hombres como mujeres y se puede utilizar en casi todas las partes del cuerpo. Por ejemplo, no se puede realizar en la parte interna de la ceja, por ser poco seguro para el globo visual. En las zonas en donde que se consiguen mejores resultados en los hombres child la espalda, el torax y la barba. Muchos varones se aplican varias sesiones de este tratamiento para perder densidad en su barba y no sufrir irritacion al afeitarse. Es importante que la depilacion laser en la barba se haga de forma cuidadosa. En cada sesion de laser el paciente pierde un porcentaje de vello que no vuelve a salir nunca, ahora bien, un varon joven mientras tiene sus niveles de hormonas masculinas alto, tiene un estimulo continuo de crecimiento de vello en las zonas androgenodependientes, entre ellas, la barba. En este caso, una vez finalizado el tratamiento, necesitaria sesiones de repaso cada cierto tiempo para poder mantenerse totalmente depilado en esa zona. Para mejores resultados de una depilacion laser es si se tienen la piel clara (con poca melanina) y pelo oscuro. ?Motivo? Porque la melanina es la que absorbe la energia luminica y se calienta. Asi, la piel se calienta poco y el vello mucho, que es lo que interesa. Si tienes la piel y los pelos oscuros o claros, o la piel oscura y el pelo claro, tampoco roughage problema, pero feed que adoptar precauciones. Asi como es una buena solucion, tambien roughage que tener en cuenta que no task el mundo puede hacerse la misma por que podria causarle algun dano. Contra quien esta contraindicada esta manera de depilacion laser, a personas con Acne severo, soriasis activa, herpes straightforward activo, infeccion de cualquier tipo y fiebre, diabetes mellitas, epilepsia, condiciones que requieran tratamiento. Es importante que a la hora de elegir un centro de depilacion laser, roughage que fijarse en la experiencia acumulada, utilizacion de equipos de ultima generacion, que ocean un centro autorizado por sanidad y con profesionales medicos especializados en estetica. Assessment La depilacion masculina hasta hace algunos anos time algo del cual no se hablaba mucho y se categorizaba a las personas que lo hacian como personas gay. Desde que comenzo la moda del metrosexualismo hace algun tiempo se comenzo a ver que algunos iconos de la moda como actores, cantantes and so on omenzaron hacer este tipo de cosas que presentan an un hombre moderno y mas preocupado por su salud e higiene, entre estas opciones esta el que nos depilamos alguna parte del cuerpo de la cual nos pudiera causar alguna molestia, como la barba, axilas o piernas. En mi assessment no veo de malo que nosotros los hombres nos depilemos alguna parte de nuestro cuerpo ya que esto nos ayuda a mantener una mejor higiene y aparienci a. Algunos ejemplos que tenemos de celebridades child Don Omar y Daddy Yankee que se depilan las cejas para que luzcan menos abundantes. Esto es feeling y es una choice individual de cada cual. Hoy en dia las mujeres se fijan mucho an este tipo de cosas, las cuales en estos ultimos tiempos a muchas de ellas les gusta tener a su lado una persona que mantenga una buena apariencia e higiene a traves de la depilacion a traves de cualquiera de sus alternativas. Referencias Revista Contorno. (2008, Verano). En boga la depilacion masculina. Recuperado el 20 de febrero de 2010 desde: http://revistacontorno. com/articles/depilacion. htm Rosa, E. (2009, 28 de abril). Auge en la depilacion masculina. Recuperado el 0 de febrero de 2010 desde: http://www. primerahora. com/diario/noticia/moda/vive a_tu_manera/auge_en_la_depilacion_masculina/293374 Clayton, V. (2008, Verano). Is Hairless More?. Recuperado el 21 de febrero 2010 desde: http://www. mensfitness. com/way of life/mens_grooming/33 Redaccion Mujer,(2005, 23 de junio) Diferentes tipos de Depilacion. Recuperado el 20 de febrero 2010 desde: http://mujer. orange. es/moda y_bell eza/cuerpo_y mente/1270_1. html The most effective method to refer to Depilacion Masculina, Essay models

Bulima Nervosa Essay -- Research Eating Disorder Essays

Bulimia Nervosa Bulimia nervosa is an illness that predominately influences youthful females. Since the start of its clinical definition different examinations have been actualized to look at the reason for beginning and impacts of bulimia nervosa. There have additionally been examinations looking over the drawn out result of bulimia nervosa. These drawn out examinations have investigated such connections as age, business status, economic wellbeing and conjugal status and bulimia nervosa. By utilizing three logical investigations of long haul result of bulimia nervosa, this paper will attempt to assess the exploration acquired and offer basic proposals to help further examinations on this point. The main examination, Bulimia nervosa: a 5-year follow-up study, utilizes a subsequent example of thirty-six patients, which comprised of 72%of the first example. The first example was involved fifty patients who were reliably alluded to the Academic Department of Psychiatry at the Royal Free Hospital. Of the fifty patients, one was male. The entirety of the patients were determined to have bulimia nervosa during their underlying visit and met DSM-III rules for bulimia. The times of the example went from 14 to 40 years with a mean period of 23.5. Likewise the beginning of the illness extended from 10 to 36 years old with a mean of 19 years. The subsequent investigation started no under five years after their underlying encounter with a normal span of 5.10 years. The patients were reached through the mail, and of these fifty patients, 41 were followed, one had passed on, 5 couldn't or would not take an interest and 36agreed to partake. The investigation assessed the general result of every patient, which comprised of three classes: Good result, Intermediate result and Poor result. The poor conduct result g... ...er to be restored of the illness through help of a relationship and good social result. This investigation gives a general affiliation. Once more, I additionally think that its difficult to recognize treatment programs since each case is person. However, maybe with all the more long haul concentrates later on bulimia nervosa will be completely comprehended, and the challenges I referenced will be old. Works Cited: Dayson, D., Johnson-Sabine, E. and Reiss, D.(1992). Bulimia Nervosa: A 5-Year Follow-Up Study. Mental Medicine, 22(4), 951-959. Johnson-Sabine, E. and Reiss, D.(1995). Bulimia Nervosa: 5-year Social Outcome and Relationship to Eating Pathology. Global Journal of Eating Disorders,18(2),127-133. Bottom, P.K., Mitchell, J.E., Miller, K.B., Davis, T.L. and Crow, S.J. (1999). Long haul Outcome of Bulimia Nervosa. Documents of General Psychiatry, 56(1), 63-69.

What is Fair Credit

What is Fair Credit What is Fair Credit? What is Fair Credit?Borrowers with a fair credit score have room for growth if they are willing to be persistent.  Credit scores can be confusing. You might not always be certain of the meaning behind the three-digit number that comprises your credit score. But you generally can understand what it means to have a credit score that is “good” or “bad.”But what if you have a “fair” score? What exactly does that mean?Credit score reviewYour credit score is a three-digit number compiled by Fair, Isaac and Company, or FICO. FICO calculates your score using information about your payment history and debts that have been gathered by the three major credit bureaus.Your score is a number between 300 and 850. The higher this number, the better your odds of qualifying for loans and the better rates you can access.You also have a VantageScore, which is similar but was created more recently as a competitor to the FICO score.Fair credit“A ‘fair’ credit score falls in between a 580 -699 on the FICO and VantageScore Model rating charts,” said Beverly Friedmann, content manager for ReviewingThis. “Its technically right in the middle, above a bad or poor rating and below a good or excellent score. But while a fair credit rating is in the middle of the index and not considered poor, it is also not considered good (in terms of qualifying for loans and credit cards). Youll end up paying higher interest rates on any loans, cards, or mortgages with a fair score than someone with a good or excellent reputation.”Friedman also pointed out that there’s a… fair… degree of variance within that “fair” rating: “However, where you fall on this index can often make quite a difference. A few points can change the way lending companies interact with you, and a 580 score is quite different than a 699 score. Its important to bear in mind, however, that fair credit is certainly superior to poor credit. You can qualify for different loans and credit cards and rebuil d your reputation score easily, which is very challenging for those with poor or bad credit scores.”If you find out that you have fair credit, you should take that as a sign that you have room to grow while not letting any bad habits you have drag your credit down into the “poor” range.Moving beyond fairPayment history is the most important factor contributing to your credit score, followed by the amount of debts you currently owe. That is why Nathan Wade, managing editor for WealthFit Money, recommends focusing your attention in that direction.“Having fair credit means youre much closer to improving it than someone with bad credit,” he said. “Ensure that youre paying bills on time, pay off any debt youre in, and avoid applying for too much credit in a short period of time. Its also important to look for any mistakes on your credit reports and dispute them immediately.”You can get a free copy of your credit report from AnnualCreditReport.com. Do not use any other sourc es to get a copy of your credit report, no matter how catchy their jingle might be, as it could be an attempt to scam you.How credit cards can help (if used wisely)Since you don’t have poor credit, you don’t have to be quite as risky about taking out loans, though you should still utilize significant discretion.While you should heed Wade’s warning about applying for too many different forms of credit too quickly, a credit card can be a good way to build your credit score, as long as you don’t use it too much and you pay off your entire bill each month. If you are paying off your whole bill each month, then it won’t matter that the interest rates on your card might be higher since you won’t actually have to pay any interest anyway. However, if you aren’t paying off the full amount, you will end up owing more on the balance and hurting your credit utilization ratio.You could also consider a secured credit card to help build your credit. This is a credit card that require s the user to put down cash as collateral, but it is easier for borrowers to qualify.Building credit can be a long and dedicated process, but you should feel encouraged in the knowledge that you aren’t starting from the bottom. Pay down your debts in full and on time, and you’ll be well on your way to “good” credit before you know it.For more information on credit scores and how they work, check out the following:6 Scary Facts About Bad Credit ScoresA Brief History of Credit ScoresAm I Alone? The Number of People With Poor Credit in AmericaCan You Repair Bad Credit for Free? Yes and NoHave Bad Credit? Heres What it Means and How You Can Fix It  |  InstagramContributorsBeverly Friedmann  works as a content manager for the consumer website  ReviewingThis,  has a background in sales and marketing management, and is from New York, NY.   Find more information on Twitter  @ReviewingThis.Nathan Wade is the Managing Editor for WealthFit Money. Find more information on Twitter  @GetW ealthFit.

The Importance Of A Child s Social Development From...

INTRO As a young child it is vital to have an attached relationship with your primary caregivers. John Bowlby --- a British psychologist, psychiatrist, and psychoanalyst, who specializes in child development --- introduced a theory that attached relationships allow emotional support and comfort for infants, only if the caregiver is in the child’s life for a long enough periods of time (Susskind, 1). He was the first person to explore the idea of the attachment theory. Parents, siblings, and peers all play a big role in a child’s social development from infancy through adulthood (Susskind, 1). If these relationships are constantly disrupted from people being removed from the child’s life, children will typically have a harder time forming good social behaviors and relationships. While some people grew up without stable caregivers from a young age can grow into adults with completely normal social behaviors, ultimately, children from these situations tend to have a hard er time forming proper social behaviors and friendships in adulthood. Therefore it’s necessary for kids to have stable relationships with their parental figures or primary guardians from a young age in order to form their own relationships in the future. Social development is affected by many different factors. Firstly, parenting styles are one of the biggest effects on socio-development, mainly because it is so prominent in a child’s life from infancy through adulthood. Socio-development explains a child’sShow MoreRelatedErikson s Psychosocial Theory : Development Of Ego Identity1293 Words   |  6 Pagestheory. This theory described the effect of one’s social experiences throughout one’s whole lifespan. One of the main elements of Erikson’s psychosocial theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. The ego was taken from Freud’s theory. Erikson ad ded three stages to Freud’s psychosexual theory. His theory has a total of eight major stages. The stages begin with infancy and end with old age. In this essay, I will discussRead MoreLifespan Development945 Words   |  4 Pages* Lifespan development is the field tha examine pattern of growth, change, and stability in behavior. (womb to tomb) * Major topical Areas (Physical Dev., Cognitive Dev., Personality Dev., Social Dev.) * Physical- Body and the brain. * Cognitive- Growth and behavior * Personality- Stability and change * Social- interaction and relationships grow * Cultural factors and developmental diversity * Broad factors * Orientation toward individualism orRead MoreThe Importance of Friendship and Healthy Relationships in a Childs Development976 Words   |  4 Pagesit seems to be the most important in my opinion. We see how friendships play important roles throughout our life span. Friendships are defined and formed in each stage of life from infancy. These include early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood and late adulthood. Friendships grow from one stage to another. During this time friends become closer. Relationships start out as acquaintances and may stay like that for a period of time. An acquaintance is someoneRead MoreNegative and Positive Effects of Peer Relationships1564 Words   |  7 Pagesmuch importance to a healthy development, helping children through peer pressure, acceptance, and the anxiety of belonging. Yet how important is the environment that a child is raised on, this being shared or non-shared? How difficult or easy can p eer pressure be? Will peer pressure help or deter a child from being functional. How much do these factors affect development from childhood to adolescence? This paper will explain the different stages of childhood to adolescence, and how a child and adolescenceRead MoreHuman Development: The Stages of Infancy1161 Words   |  5 PagesThe stage of infancy lasts from birth until approximately two years of age (Sigelman Rider, 2010). The physical development from infant to child occurs in a cephalocaudal direction: the head and upper body develop prior to the lower body (Sigelman Rider, 2010). Because of the rapid development at this stage children need to get good solid nutrition and need to be watched closely as they are often unable to coordinate their body or understand the dangers of certain situations (e.g., such as whenRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology1198 Words   |  5 PagesLifespan Development and Personality Jasmine Coverson PSY/103 E. W. Newlin University of Phoenix May 5, 2010 In developmental psychology, researchers describe the physical, emotional, and psychological stages of development while relating the specific issues involved in the stages, which can hinder proper development. Developmental psychology, also described as human development, is the scientific investigation of methodical psychological modifications that take place in humans in excessRead MoreChild Development Theories1324 Words   |  6 PagesChild Developmental Theories Ashford University PSY 104 Child and Adolescent Psychology June 29, 2009 Child Developmental Theories While theorists have different ideas and perspectives, insight on child and adolescent development can assist teachers and parents in helping children reach their full developmental and learning potential. Having knowledge about the developmentRead More Lifespan reflective paper6038 Words   |  25 Pagesï » ¿ Reflection on Lifespan Development T’Pre K. Griffin Capella University Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present a comparison of my knowledge and understanding of lifespan development at the outset of course PSY 7210 Lifespan Development and at the courses’ end. In this paper I will explore lifespan development by identifying and discussing the stages of development, theoretical perspectives and research related to lifespan development. I will conclude with discussing how myRead MoreThe Developmental Nature of Cognition Essay2662 Words   |  11 Pagesacquiring knowledge and understanding through perception, reasoning, judgment, thought, and experiences (Mora, 2007). The developmental stages of cognition have many implications in the educational setting. It is important for educators to understand the stages of development to facilitate the learning process of students from preschool to graduate studies. This paper will explore the developmental nature of cognition from the viewpoint of stage and social learning theories. Although the majo rRead MoreDifference Between Freud vs. Erikson Essay1023 Words   |  5 PagesErikson In this essay, I am going to compare and contrast two famous theorists Erik Erikson and Sigmund Freud. I will be talking about each of these theorists and their famous theories of psychosocial and psychosexual, since they both are well known development theories. I will provide enough information about both and explain the differences of each, as well. First off, Freud had inspired Erickson who had theories that were in a number of ways different than Freud’s. Freud and Erickson have similarities

Art Students On Business Skills And Entrepreneurship

1. Introduction This chapter describes the background, research purposes, problems, goals, and structure of this project in order to facilitate the reader in obtaining a clearer understanding of this research in the forthcoming chapters. 1.1 Research Background The background of this research is to understand and analyse the demands of the art students on business skills and entrepreneurship. London, as the world s fashion capital, is the best place to learn the arts and has many top art colleges (Fashion.telegraph.co.uk, 2015). This contributed to the fashion industry having a large number of graduates and new resources each year. However, the high tuition fees are not making the fashion industry easily accessible to all of the students. Among them, some of the art students who want to venture into it but there unable to meet the requirements on business knowledge and experience(The Business of Fashion, 2015). Therefore, it’s essential for students to have the necessary background knowledge in business, in order for at students to expand their knowledge and understand, which will help them develop their personal career. 1.2 Research Aim, Questions and Objectives This study’s objective to understand the needs of art students. The main research question is concerned with the art student’ profession, career planning and entrepreneurship issues, to see whether or not they are feasible for the actual research process. In addition, the ultimate aim is to identify andShow MoreRelatedWhat to Do with a Ba in History1395 Words   |  6 PagesThe Value of a Liberal Arts Education When you see the word â€Å"college†, what comes to mind? For most of you, you probably immediately think of partying, drinking, and meeting new people. Those who choose to go to college will have the opportunity to experience the social life, but what you choose to study can control your future. In â€Å"How to Get a Real Education at College† by Scott Adams and â€Å"What Do You Do with a B.A. in History† by Ken Saxon, they agree that college is worth going to but they haveRead MoreResponse Essay796 Words   |  4 Pagescollege and how he used the skills of an entrepreneur to become successful. He saw opportunities, sometimes embedded within problems, and worked them to his favor. This is what he referred to when speaking of the learned skill of transforming â€Å"nothing into something†, which is a skill that obviously applies to business. His basic idea is that much academic-oriented education is wasted on many people. Scott says these people would in stead profit from a much more skills-oriented education, â€Å"somethingRead MoreA New Charter School Area1390 Words   |  6 Pageslocated in a vibrant neighborhood in Wilmington, our school has worked directly with neighbors, community groups, local nonprofit organizations and local elected and government leaders to establish a good relationship and prepare the way for our students and families to benefit from our neighborhood and location. The Brandywine neighborhood where our school is located is in the center of downtown Wilmington, easily accessible to many local businesses and government agencies, and area neighborhoodsRead MoreWhat I Admire My Favorite Culture Essay1001 Words   |  5 Pagesthat, I was introduced to anime and became infatuated with it, along with the Japanese Culture. I adore so many different cultures; however, my favorite culture has to be Japan. 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Gateway program and the East Los Angeles College Alumni Association as well as the future joint ventures in creating the East Los Angeles Market Place in collaboration with Omni Works and the Los Angeles Center for Entrepreneurship Innovation hosted by ELAC in collaboration with NorthRead MoreThe Field Of Medicine Study Biology1242 Words   |  5 Pages[T]raditional education has students focusing on one career at a time, generally encompassing a very specific field of interest. Students interested in the field of medicine study biology and don’t generally study much outside of science. Or, students interested in music study musical theory and learn several different instrume nts – they don’t cross over into other fields of thought. This type of learning, however, really doesn’t reflect the way the world works. It doesn’t even properly reflect humanRead MoreFirms Should Get Their House in Order Before Seeking to Manage Supplier.1728 Words   |  7 PagesCreativity and Innovation in Business Prof. Danny Araneta Cabulay Dean – Institute of Accounts, Business and Finance Far Eastern University, Manila, Philippines dcabulay@feu.edu.ph Albert Einstein once said, â€Å"Imagination is more important than knowledge.† For most people, creativity is more easily associated with art than business. But the highest art form is business because one can be very creative, dynamic and revolutionary. 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Business Aviation Operations (Is it luxury or a necessity) Free Essays

Introduction It will be considered in this assignment whether business aviation operations are a luxury or a necessity. This will be done by accessing relevant text books, journal articles and online databases. Once all of the applicable information has been gathered, a critical evaluation will then be conducted. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Aviation Operations (Is it luxury or a necessity) or any similar topic only for you Order Now An overview of business aviation operations will first be provided by considering the definition of business aviation as provided for by the NBAA. Arguments that business aviation operations is a luxury will then be put forward, which will include alternatives to business aviation. This will then be followed by the view that business aviation is a necessity because of the substantial benefits in which it brings to the economy and globalisation. Once both arguments have been considered, an overview as to which argument is the most convincing will then be given and it will be shown that whilst business aviation is considered a luxury, it is also a necessity for many businesses that would not be able to function as effectively without it. An appropriate conclusion will then be drawn summarising all of the main findings and demonstrating that business aviation is a vital part of any business operation and unless business were utilising business aviation, it would be unlikely that global isation would ensue. Main Body Overview of Business Aviation Operations Business aviation is defined by the National Business Aircraft Association (NBAA) as â€Å"the use of any â€Å"general aviation† aircraft for a business purpose† (NBAA, 2012a). General aviation thus consists of all flights that are not â€Å"conducted by the military or the scheduled airlines† (NBAA, 2012a) and is therefore considered to be an important aspect of most business operations. This is because, business aviation is said to â€Å"complement airline services in satisfying the nation’s business transportation requirements† (Wensveen, 2011: 133) which could not be achieved through scheduled transportation alone. Non-scheduled, also known as on-demand, transportation, therefore enables businesses to use air transportation as and when they need it, which is highly beneficial and helps to facilitate economic growth and world trade. It also â€Å"boosts productivity across the global economy† (Rochat, 2004: 9) and allows businesses to inv est in different countries, which advances the economy overall. Whilst there are significant economic benefits of business aviation, however, it has been questioned whether it is a luxury or a necessity. This is largely due to the different types of people that use on-demand transportation since it is unclear whether the more expensive use of business aviation really is necessary (Sheehan, 2003: 1). Arguments that Business Aviation Operations is a Luxury It is undeniable that business aviation has become a way of life for many successful businesses. Because of this, it is very difficult not to associate this type of travel with being more of a luxury than a necessity since many would argue that business travel can be conducted in a more economical manner. This was certainly recognised by White and Bruton (2010: 330) when they viewed private jets as â€Å"unnecessary expenses† that could be avoided. The accuracy of this statement will undoubtedly be open to debate but, given the availability of business travel through scheduled transportation, the use of private jets may simply be a personal preference as opposed to a business need. Accordingly, it has often been pointed out that â€Å"business aviation is a costly luxury that has no place in the modern business environment† (Craig, 2012). This is because; costs need to be managed effectively if a business is to thrive, which is why a lot of businesses are actually consi dering videoconferencing as opposed to travelling: â€Å"42 percent of 610 business travellers and corporate travel managers responding to a 2008 poll by Business Traveller Magazine said they were exploring alternatives to business trips, including video or Web conferences† (Inc, 2012: 1). In light of this, it could be said that business travel is unnecessary and therefore a mere luxury given that the majority of business activity can be conducted through video or web conferencing. Regardless of this, business aviation does appear to be on the rise and it is unlikely that innovative technology will replace business travel anytime soon. This which is evident by the findings of the Confederation of British Industry in 2001 when it was made clear that; â€Å"Despite the promises of the 1990s that video-conferencing and e-working would reduce its need, business aviation travel grew by 22% between 1995 and 1998 and is predicted to double on the 1998 level by 2015† (Leathley, 2004: 36). Consequently, although business aviation can be replaced, there is a great reluctance to do so since businesses would prefer to travel and undertake meetings in a face to face setting. Whilst this may not be the most cost effective way of conducting business, it is unlikely to change a ny time soon and as noted by Beaverstock (2010, 227); â€Å"video conferencing has had no noticeable impact on business traffic.† Arguably, this signifies that whilst there are other avenues available for businesses, individuals still prefer to travel in style, which demonstrates that business aviation is widely considered a luxury advantage to conducting business (Patiky, 2012). Arguments that Business Aviation Operations is a Necessity Not all agree that business aviation operations are a luxury and instead it has been argued by the NBAA in relation to their ‘No Plane No Gain Campaign’ (NBAA, 2012b) that air-transportation is vital for any business. Hence, it is believed that shareholder value is greatly increased where business aviation is utilised since those companies that were found to have used business aviation during and before the recession were better protected from the effects of the recession than those companies that did not use business aviation (NEXA, 2012). This clearly illustrates how effective business aviation is and although this type of travel is seen as luxurious, the main objective of using on-demand transportation is to provide frequency and convenience to businesses. Hence, as clarified by Capell; â€Å"instead of Kobe steaks and champagne, what passengers really want is frequency and convenience† (Cappell and Reena, 2007: 46). Accordingly, whilst private jets have become a symbol of unnecessary expense, for the majority of businesses air transportation is crucial to their business. Moreover, it has even been argued by some businesses that whilst their private jets are in fact comfortable they are not luxurious which brings the prior arguments into disrepute (CBS, 2009). Thus, because of the advantages business aviation brings to a business, it seems necessary for their continued use. In addition, whilst the use of some private jets for business purposes may be less luxurious than others, this should not indicate that they are unnecessary. This is because, as has been put forward by McClellan (1991: 51); â€Å"business airplanes are useful, productive and make certain trips possible that could not be accomplished by any other means.† He went on to question whether they are also a luxury and concluded that although they are a luxury, there is nothing wrong with that. This is because, he added; â€Å"the fall of socialism proves that we need to strive for things beyond the bare-bone necessities. We do not need to apologise for the luxury of airplanes or their exclusivity.† Essentially, whilst business aviation is deemed to be a necessity, this does not mean that it is not also a luxury, yet businesses should not be prevented from using it merely because of this fact alone. This is because; economic growth and innovation is created from effective busine ss production and if businesses can function more effectively through the use of air-transportation then this should be promoted rather than stifled. Flexibility is one of the main needs of a business and if business aviation provides such flexibility then the use of on-demand transportation is to be welcomed. Arguments that Business Aviation Operations is both a Luxury and a Necessity Conversely, it has been argued that although flexibility is an important aspect of any business, it is unnecessary for businesses to have private jets. This is because the majority of airlines in today’s society are able to offer a similar level of flexibility that one would acquire from a private jet: â€Å"Given the flexibility of and high level of service offered by many traditional airlines, the question remains as to why so many business traveller are using private aircraft† (Beaverstock, 2010: 90). This is particularly true in relation to the more price-sensitive small and medium sized enterprises since the costs of travelling privately will be disproportionate to the outcomes that are achieved. Consequently, whilst business travellers do require the flexibility and convenience of business aviation, they also prefer to travel in style and comfort. Therefore, are therefore are elements of luxury and necessity in business aviation operations and in deciding whether this type of travel is simply an unnecessary expense will be dependent upon the individual business. This is because, all businesses have different needs and requirements, and whilst one business may require that extra bit of flexibility, which would be considered proportionate in light of the costs, another business may be travelling by private jet simply because they want to indulge in the luxury surroundings. Regardless of whether businesses make use of scheduled or unscheduled air transportation, it is evident that many business operations do need to be undertaken face to face. And, in today’s globalised economy business aviation has never been more important. Nonetheless, it is questionable whether business aviation is easily accessible for smaller companies and unless an efficient global management system can be produced, businesses will not be advanced. As put by Greer (2011): â€Å"In today’s economy, where the fast growth of emerging markets outpaces America and the developed world, if you haven’t gone global yet, it’s time to get moving.† However, it was also stated that; â€Å"going global is easier said than done — especially for smaller companies. One of the biggest challenges they face is how to manage a diverse group of people across a broad geographic scope† (Greer: 2011). Arguably, it is palpable that in order for a business t o grow, globalisation of that business is a necessity. Nevertheless, unless business aviation can be integrated into business operations, it is unlikely that an effective global management system will be established. This clearly illustrates the importance of business aviation and although it may be considered a luxury by many, it is undoubtedly a necessity. Conclusion Overall, whilst business aviation is considered to be the use of any â€Å"general aviation† aircraft for a business purpose, it seems as though personal advantages are also being acquired from its use. This is simply due to the luxury surroundings that private aircrafts have and although business aviation is necessary for the economy and globalisation, businesses do prefer to travel in style, which can be considered another reason why many businesses choose non-scheduled transportation over scheduled transportation. Whilst many would argue that this is simply an unnecessary business expense, because of the fact that business activity can be conducted through other means such as video or web conferencing, it seems as though the flexibility and convenience that business aviation provides outweighs the cost implications. This will, nevertheless, be dependent upon the type of business that is utilising this type of travel because whilst it may be deemed suitable for large compani es, it may not be for small and medium sized businesses. Still, because, shareholder value is greatly increased where business aviation is used, it seems vital that the majority of businesses carry on using this type of transportation. This is especially so significantimportant in light of the effects business aviation had on businesses during the recession and although this type of travel is seen as luxurious, the main objective of using on-demand transportation is to provide frequency and convenience to businesses. As such, it seems as though business aviation is both a luxury and a necessity, yet it provides real benefits to businesses within a globalised economy. Thus, if businesses wish to advance and grow within the economy the use of aviation ought to be maintained. References Beaverstock, J. V. (2010). International Business Travel in the Global Economy, Ashgate Publishing. Capell, K. and Reena, J. (2007). Business Class at Bargain Prices. Business Week, Issue 4020. CBS. (2009). Corporate Jets: Luxury or NecessityCBS Evening News, [Online], Available: http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18563_162-5021145.html [01 December 2012]. Craig, S. (2012). Private Business Aviation Isn’t Just About Luxury, Globial Talks Business, [Online], Available: http://globial.com/globialtalksbusiness/private-business-aviation-isnt-just-about-luxury/ [01 December 2012]. Greer, S. (2011). Why Face to Face Meetings Make all the Difference. [Online], Available: http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2011/02/why_face_to_face_meetings_make.html [01 December 2012]. Inc. (2012). How to Manage Travel Expenses. [Online], Available: http://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/travelexpenses.html [01 December 2012]. Leathley, B. (2004). Websites; Using the Web to Study the Health Effects of Flying, Tolleys Health and Safety at Work, The Journal of the Working Environment, Issue 9. McClellan, J. M. (1991). Uncle Sam Can’t Tax Luxury, Flying Magazine, Volume 118, Number 9. NBAA. (2012a). What is Business AviationNational Business Aviation Association, [Online], Available: http://www.nbaa.org/business-aviation/ [01 December 2012]. NBAA. (2012b). Business Aviation: Jobs, Productivity and Keeping America Connected, [Online] Available: http://www.noplanenogain.org/ [01 December, 2012]. NEXA. (2012). Business Aviation; Maintaining Shareholder Value Through Turbulent Times, NBAA, [Online], Available: http://www.noplanenogain.org/ [01 December 2012]. Patiky, M. (2012). The Enlightened Business Traveller, Business Aviation, [Online], Available: http://www.forbescustom.com/AviationPgs/TEBTUltimateProdToolP1.html [01 December, 2012]. Rochat, P. (2004). The Economic Social Benefits of Air Transport, [Online], Available: www.icao.int/Meetings/†¦/ATAG_SocialBenefitsAirTransport.pdf [01 December 2012]. Sheehan, J. J. (2003). Business and Corporate Aviation Management: On Demand Air Travel, McGraw-Hill Professional. Wensveen, J. G. (2011). Air Transportation: A Management Perspective, 7th Edition, Ashgate Publishing. White, M. A. and Bruton, G, D. (2010). The Management of Technology and Innovation: A Strategic Approach, 2nd Edition, Cengage Learning; Business Economics. How to cite Business Aviation Operations (Is it luxury or a necessity), Essay examples

Membrane Permeability Essay Example

Membrane Permeability Essay The Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses and Effects of Inhibitory Chemicals on their Action Potentials Aferdita Sabani Biol 2401. C5L Dr. Endley March 20, 2013 Introduction Cell structure and function can be defined in many aspects but one the most important characteristic is that it is enclosed within a cell membrane called a plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is by-layer composed of lipids and embedded proteins. This membrane is semi-permeable due to its hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. At the boundary of every cell the plasma membrane functions as a selective barrier that allows nutrients to be brought in and/or removed from inside the cell. The cells permeability and transport mechanisms allow for this occurrence and it is vital for a functional and healthy cell. Transport through the plasma membrane occurs in two basic ways: passive and active processes. The passive transport process is driven by the concentration or pressure differences between the interior and exterior environment of the cell. According to Kenyan college biology department, â€Å"Simple diffusion is when a small non-polar molecule passes through a lipid bilayer. It is classified as a means of passive transport. In simple diffusion, a hydrophobic molecule can move into the hydrophobic region of the membrane without getting rejected†. Particles diffuse passively through small pores within the plasma membrane and they also move from an environment of high concentration towards an environment with lower concentration. Osmosis is a type of diffusion when it comes to water transport. We will write a custom essay sample on Membrane Permeability specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Membrane Permeability specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Membrane Permeability specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Both diffusion and osmoses move substances down their concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion is also passive transport, but does not involve the simple movement through pores and lipid dissolving. In this case a carrier protein in the membrane is introduced to facilitate the transport of substances down their concentration gradient. Active transport is not passive because energy in the form of cellular ATP is required to drive the substances across the membrane, therefor the cell must spend some f its energy to get through or move against the concentration gradient. In one type of active transport the substance gets across the membrane by forming a substrate –enzyme complex where the substance is picked up by a carrier protein and are then able to move into cell. This combination is lipid and large so energy is needed to defy opposing forces. According to Pearson/biology, â€Å"Active transport uses energy to move a solute uphill against its gradient, whereas in facili tated diffusion, a solute moves down its concentration gradient and no energy input is required. If an experiment was conducted where the conditions of transfer were manipulated by adding in larger membrane pores, increasing protein carriers, increasing pressure and adding higher levels of ATP for active transport the rates of transfer will increase providing an optimal level of reactions. Experimental Methods and Materials In conducting this experiment the materials needed were a computer the PhysioEX 8. 0 C D and the Anatomy and Physiology Lab Manual because this was a computer simulated experiment. Activity One: Simple Diffusion Two beakers were placed next to each other and joined by a membrane holder. Four membranes were used and each possessed a different molecular weight cut off (MWCO) consisting of 20, 50, 100, and 200 MWCO; and were tested using NaCl, Urea, Albumin, and Glucose solutions. First, the 20 MWCO membrane was placed in the membrane holder between the beakers and the first solute studied was NaCl. A 9mM concentrated solution was dispersed into the left beaker and the right beaker was filled with deionized water. This transfer was allowed 60 minutes. At the end of this time lapse the results were recorded (see result section of the report). The 20 MWCO membrane was removed and each beaker was flushed for the next run. A membrane with the 50 MWCO was placed between the beakers and the steps performed above were repeated using the 9 mM NaCl solution for 60 min. and then repeated again for the 100 and 200 MWCO, as described by the A P Lab Manual by Marieb and Mitchell. The next solutions tested were Albumin, Urea, and Glucose. All were placed into the left beaker independently and the tests were run exactly like that for NaCl. Activity Two: Facilitated Diffusion In this experiment the set-up of the two beakers and membrane holder was used again. Only NaCl and Glucose solutes were used and membranes with 500, 700 and 900 glucose carrier proteins The 500 membrane was placed between the beakers and the glucose solution with a concentration of 2. 00mM was delivered to the left beaker. The right beaker was filled with deionized water. The timer was set for 60 minutes. When the time was up the data was recorded and the beakers were flushed to set up for the next run. The same steps were repeated using the 2. 00 mM glucose solution with the 700 and 900 carrier protein membranes, separately for 60 minutes. The last run of this transport mechanism was done by increasing the 2. 00mM to 8. 00mM glucose concentration. This experiment was done the same way as above for each of the 500, 700 and 900 carrier protein membranes for 60 min. respectively. Activity 3: Osmotic Pressure In this experiment pressure readers were added in order measure osmotic pressure change and were placed on top the two beakers. A 20 MWCO membrane was placed between the beakers and a NaCl concentration of 8mM was put into the left beaker. Deionized water was placed into the right beaker. Time was set at 60 minutes. The pressure steps were repeated with the 50, 100 and 200 MWCO membranes Activity 4: Active Transport This experiment resembled the osmosis experiment except that an ATP dispenser was substituted for the pressure meters on top of the beakers. In this experiment it was assumed that the left beaker was the inside of the cell and the right beaker was the extracellular space. The membrane used had 500 glucose carrier proteins and 500 sodium-potassium pumps. Membrane was placed between the beakers and a NaCl concentration of 9. 00mM was delivered into the left beaker and a KCl concentration of 6mM was dispensed into the right beaker. The ATP was the changing variable in this experiment. 1mM of ATP was dispensed and transfer was observed for 60 min. It was observed when no ATPmM was applied and finally when 3mM ATP was applied. Results Activity 1: Simple Diffusion TABLE 1 Dialysis Results (average diffusion rate in mM/min) Solute| Membrane (MWCO)| 20| 50| 100| 200| NaCl| No diffusion| 0. 0150| 0. 0150| 0. 0150| Urea| No diffusion| No diffusion| 0. 0094| 0. 0094| Albumin| No diffusion| No diffusion| No diffusion| No diffusion | Glucose| No diffusion| No diffusion| No diffusion| 0. 0040| NaCl had no diffusion until the 50 MWCO was introduced and then it had a constant rate through the larger pored membranes. Urea diffused at 100 MWCO and up. Albumin had no di ffusion through any of the membranes and Glucose diffused only through the 200 MWCO membrane. Activity 2: Facilitated Diffusion TABLE 2 Facilitated Diffusion Results (glucose transport rate (mM/min) | Number of glucose carrier proteins| Glucose concentration(m/M)| 500| 700| 900| 2. 00| 0. 0008| 0. 0010| 0. 0012| 8. 00| 0. 0023| 0. 0031| 0. 0038| As the number of glucose carrier proteins increased so did the rate of transfer for both concentrations of glucose. The higher concentration of the 8. 00 m/M had a faster rate than that of the 2. 00 m/M glucose concentration Activity 3: Osmotic Pressure TABLE 3 Membrane (MWCO) | Solute| 20| 50| 100| 200| Na* Cl-| 272| 0| 0| 0| Albumin| 136| 136| 136| 136| Glucose| 136| 136| 136| 0| The osmotic pressure was highest and only occurred with the 20 MWCO membrane. Albumin had a constant pressure of 136 mm Hg with every membrane and Glucose had constant pressure of 136 mm Hg until it was relieved when the 200 MWCO membrane was introduced. Activity 4: Active Transport Table 4 Run: 1 Solute| ATP| Start Conc. L| Start Conc. R| Pumps| Carriers| Rate| Na*| 1. 00| 9. 00| 0. 00| 500| | 0. 0270| K*| 1. 00| 0. 00| 6. 00| 500| | 0. 0180| Glucose| | 0. 00| 0. 00| -| 500| 0. 0000| Run: 2 Solute| ATP | Start Conc. L| Start Conc. R| Pumps| Carriers| Rate| Na*| 0. 00| 9. 00| 0. 00| 500| | 0. 0000| K*| 0. 00| 0. 00| 6. 00| 500| -| 0. 0000| Glucose| -| 0. 00| 0. 00| | 500| 0. 0000| Run: 3 Solute| ATP | Start Conc. L| Start Conc. R| Pumps| Carriers| Rate| Na*| 3. 00| 9. 00| 0. 00| 500| | 0. 0050| K*| 3. 00| 0. 00| 6. 00| 500| | 0. 0033| Glucose| | 0. 00| 0. 00| | 500| 0. 0000| When 1 ATP was dispensed the Na and K transported at a higher rate than when 3 ATP was dispensed and there was no transport when ATP was absent. Discussion Activity 1: Simple Diffusion Upon observing the results for all of the solutes with the 20 MWCO membrane between the left beaker and the artificial external environment of deionized water in the right beaker no diffusion occurred, because the pores were not large enough for them to pass through. An observation that is important to note is that even the small ions of NaCl did not diffused here, so it is obvious that the other molecules would also not diffuse. At 50 MWCO the pores were just large enough for the dissociated NaCl ions to get through but the threshold stopped there because Urea, Albumin and Glucose molecules in the solute were too large. Observations of the diffusion of the solutes with the 100 MWCO membrane showed that all but albumin and Glucose passed, so urea size was now compatible for the size of this pore. Finally, when the 200 MWCO membrane was introduced everything except Glucose got through because it is a very large molecule that cannot diffuse simply. It must be facilitated. Activity 2: Facilitated Diffusion In the facilitated diffusion of Glucose the parameters that were introduced were the number of carrier proteins available for transport in the membrane. According to the results, when there was a 2. 00mM concentration of Glucose in the left beaker there was evidence of diffusion based on the measured rate of diffusion in mM/min. As the number of carrier proteins increased by 200 between 500 and 900 the rate between 0 . 0008 to 0. 0012mM/ min also increased by 0. 0002 min into the beaker. When 8. 00mM of Glucose was placed in the left beaker with the same carrier protein membrane criteria of 500, 700, and 800 the rate increased. The rate was actually faster than that of the 2. 00 mM concentration. As the concentration of glucose raised the demand for the protein attachment increased so more carrier proteins got involved, while previously some were just hanging out because there was less glucose to transfer. Activity 3: Osmosis In this experiment the study was based on the transfer of water across a membrane. Osmosis of water tends to balance out concentrations, so it will flow to an area of higher solute concentration. Water flowing to a more concentrated solution will usually increase in volume but in this closed system for the experiment the focus was on the increase of pressure. The solutes were confined to their area by a semi-permeable membrane based on the pores of the membrane and the size of the molecules in the solute. With 8mM of NaCl with a 20 MWCO membrane the pressure reading was 272 mHg because the salt was not able to pass through the membrane, but the water diffused to the salt side so there was pressure causing and unequal balance, but with the membranes of 50, 100 and 200 MWCO there was no pressure because the membrane became permeable to the salt allowing an equilibrium between he beakers, therefore no pressure. In the case of Albumin, the water diffused building up pressure until there was no more water left to diffuse so pressure remained constant at all MWCOs. The same occurred with Glucose until the membrane was replaced with the 200 MWCO membrane. Glucose was able to diffuse thus resulting in equilibrium in both beakers. Pressure will rise until equilibrium is obtained. Activity 4: Active Transport The experiment showed that at 1 ATP the reaction took place at very slow rate and not completely. Without ATP the transfer didn’t take place at all. When 3 ATP’s were added transfer took place quickly and almost completely. The more ATP introduced to the cell, the faster and more complete the transport will occur which is very important for the transport of glucose since it is a substrate for the production of more ATP.