Essay on Atmospheric Science In Aviation

Disclaimer This work includes information and details about the anonymity anonymous networks on the internet and is produced as an individual document based on the writers views, understanding and research on the abovementioned topic. This article is strictly intended solely for the use of the individual or entity to whom it is addressed or is a pert of this research. If you are not the addressee it may be unlawful for you to read, copy, distribute, disclose or otherwise use the information in this report. If you are not the intended to read this please notify. Abstract This paper presents an overview of the aviation mishaps that happen due to adverse weather conditions it talks about the general reasons behind the mishaps caused by weather and there is a discussion with reference to two case studies. The first one took place when CESSNA U206F (FLOATPLANE) C-FASO got caught in bad weather and dense fog ending in a collision with terrain. Second is Cessna 172RG flight got caught in cold weather conditions and whiteout and collision with the surface of a frozen lake. INTRODUCTION Since the time aviation industry started taking the commercial shape, safety has been the most important and talked about topic. There has been a revolution in the safety features introduced in the past four decades and we can proudly say that we have covered most of the major vulnerabilities that can lead to fatal accidents, but the worry is that the situation is more critical as not only man made factors (the design, pilot’s expertise, signals and radars, other technical factors) there are lot of other natural constraints against which the maximum we can do is to take the best possible measures so as to avoid any mishap but they being natural elements keep the human control away from them and therefore we see accidents happening despite all the steps that we take [AWS01].   Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ËœWeather’ is that uncontrolled factor and lets discuss what are the common causes of worry and look at two case studies with special concentration on the weather conditions that were re sponsible for the accident. As discussed above, weather can play an important role or the primary role behind causing an accident, and if there is any such mishap there are forensic weather experts who try and determine the cause of an accident and do a research to come with a report[AHEA].   There are also several agencies (govt. and non-govt.) that help to keep the weather reports in order to once again assess the condition at the time of accident at a particular place, for ex. In US this is done by the National Climatic Centre which is in Asheville (North Carolina). Let’s look at a few important factors[AWH03]: Causes during take off : There can be taxi accidents due to the reduced visibility. Gusty weather might be the cause of an accident This can also happen in wind shear Microburst conditions can also cause this Causes during cruise : Penetrating low visibility area Thunderstorm penetration Icing Encounters Clear air turbulence] Mountain wave turbulence Encounters with snow, rain or hail etc. Causes during landing : Runway issues due to reduced visibility Turbulence and gusty conditions May be due to wind shear Can be due to icy or wet runways Microburst conditions There are enough information sources available to guide the pilot about these weather conditions and all the pilots are supplied with a weather report through in house or contract meteorologists. There are preflight briefings related to weather based on the route that he will be taking and it includes the current details and forecasted data during that specific period of time. It is important to keep in mind the weather conditions briefed, warnings that were given, weather at the time of accident and the proposed solution [AWS01]. Further we will see two case studies where weather has played an important role in causing an accident and what were the measures taken :- Case Study #1 CESSNA U206F (FLOATPLANE) C-FASO FLIGHT IN WEATHER CONDITIONS UNFAVOURABLE FOR VISUAL FLIGHT AND COLLISION WITH TERRAIN Plane Type CESSNA U206F (FLOATPLANE) Date – 19th October 2006 Owner Aviation Maurice Area – Quebec Passengers – Five Cabin Members – Pilot (Only) Casualties None Details The Cessna U206F is an air-craft equipped with one engine and is capable enough to carry 6 passengers, the above mentioned flight involved proper testing and there was no technical reason or shortcoming that can be accounted for the accident. As far as the flight is concerned it was basically for sightseeing and hence the time of travel was supposed to be approximately 20 minutes and the departure was a little delayed considering that the weather was not suitable for flight. There was an estimate announced for the ceiling and the visibility which was 1100 Feet and 6 Miles respectively, this was in accordance to the Canadian Aviation Regulation and hence the flight was approved to take off with a scheduled departure to be at 1020, from the day visibility point of view it was expected to be 1 Mile while flying below 1000 feet (Visual Flight Rules) [PCI] . The departure took place per the scheduled time however as soon as the flight took off the condition of the weather deteriorated, but they continued flying and after some time when the flight was about eight miles from the departure point and there was a message sent by the pilot to his chief who was following in another plane about the dense fog that he had entered into, he also clarified that considering the unpredicted environment he will take a 180o turn. While further proceeding the plane entered very thick layer of fog thus making the pilot loose the visual reference with respect to the ground and he suddenly realized trees approaching from below and tried his best to apply the maximum power to gain the required height and clear the path, however it was too late and the left float had by then clipped to a tree making the plane go downward and then fall on its back. Now the analysis goes like this, the flight took off early in the morning and at that point of time it had taken off it was already expected that the weather might not be good, but considering 6 miles visibility it was decided that the flight could be operated as ideally the danger approaches only when the visibility goes below 1 mile, which was not the case here.   Since there were majorly mountains the ceiling got reduced to 300 feet and now the altitude and visibility both were low making the accident more probable as it does not allow the pilot a lot of time to react as the obstacles can be seen only once they are too close[PCI]   . Case Study #1 Cessna 172RG FLIGHT IN COLD WEATHER CONDITIONS UNFAVOURABLE FOR VISUAL FLIGHT (ICING) AND COLLISION Plane Type Cessna 172RG Date – 15th October 2000 Owner YUKON TERRITORY Area – Quebec Passengers – One Cabin Members – Pilot (Only) Casualties Two This incident had taken place when a pilot along with one passenger were travelling from Whitehorse to Dawson, the distance is somewhere around 240 Nautical miles, it was cold weather and the pilot had taken a general weather briefing for the route that he was supposed to take. The pilot started the flight and proceeded towards Lake Labarage, now this was a little colder area and the weather also did not prove to be favorable enough and therefore there was a message sent by the pilot to his earlier base that he will be descending to somewhere around 300 miles, this step was taken in order to enhance the visibility which was effected due to the snow fall[PCI]   . Within half an hour’s time the ground clearance was dropped to 200 miles and the pilot kept on flying with that altitude for a while and moved towards north of the fox lake. All this happened within a period of two hours and the wreckage was discovered shortly after this with both the pilot and passenger found to be deceased. The debris was found at the frozen fox lake with the nose of the plane hitting the surface at 20 degrees and the plane was damaged beyond repair. Now let’s do a short analysis to determine the possible reasons for this mishap; primarily the conditions were not that worse when the flight was approved visibility of 6 miles is definitely good enough for everything to happen smoothly. Then what could have happened on the day of accident? Let’s first have a quick look at the weather (Whitehorse station), the winds were declared to be 340 Degree Magnetic at 10 Knots with visibility 6 Miles and there was another update which said the winds to be fr om 320 degrees magnetic 10 to 20 knots however the situation changed drastically at the time when the flight was going on and at that time the wind is expected to be 010 Degrees to 360 Degrees with a velocity of 7-12 knots and similarly the visibility was also announced to drop from 6 miles to 1.5 miles only in snow showers. Now there can be two situations which might have caused this, Icing or Whiteout, lets first find out more about these two phenomenons and then conclude which one could have been the possible reason behind this. Icing is a very common factor which needs regular check in the area where flying takes place under cold environmental conditions[PCI]   ; there are multiple factors which can result into an accident due to icing so whether it affects the wings or screens or effects the weight balance of the aircraft, it can be severe and needs immediate response specially with the light weight planes which do not have an anti-icing system. Again, Whiteout is a type of Icing which basically is a result of precipitation and hence causing complete loss of visibility dropping to below 0.25 Miles. This is an optical phenomenon in which the observer can only see a uniform white glow. Its does not allow the person to distinguish between shadows, horizon clouds etc. There are instruments to work this situation out however the small aircrafts are not fitted with these devices. Now, there is one more factor that was involved is where the pilot took the decision to follow the highway, which was not in line to any guidelines that were laid out but the major role was played by the visibility factor causing a sudden cut off and mismatch of the directions. Now the most probable reason seems to be a whiteout and in that case there would be no possibility of determining through visual reference his altitude above the ground, moreover due to the absence of any visual reference the pilot would not have been even able to turn in order to escape the deteriorating weather. Now if we summarize the discussion above that though the weather was basically the reason of the accident, the pilot too contributed by not being able to identify the adverse situation in time and responding to it effectively. The pilot flew the aircraft in a whiteout situation and not being able to see the aircraft’s altitude and orientation landed up hitting the surface which caused the damage[PCI]   . Most importantly the weather forecast that was received by the pilot had predictions which proved to be wrong, the entire area was suppose to have visibility above six statue miles however only after crossing approximately 25 miles, the visibility dropped to below 1.5 statue miles in snow showers. Conclusion Flight experience is an important aspect of training because it allows pilots to learn how they interact with adverse weather. Pilots should be able to interpret visible signs of adverse weather properly, and they should have the flying skills to avoid or escape from hazardous weather that they encounter. – National Aviation Weather Services Now that we have gone through the above two case studies it is very clear that despite the several other important factors that need to be checked it is also important that weather is given equal importance and specially in the case of small and light-weight aircrafts that are not equipped with required radars and anti-icing equipments[AWH03]. Weather Briefing – It is a mandate for the pilots to take a briefing on weather before any flight and the analysis of weather must include the change in weather with respect to time and path taken during the flight. No matter how accurate is the report the pilot must be always ready as it can get deteriorated anytime hence it is important that beside the flying hours or experience the pilot must be aware of how to handle certain rare happenings and this can be learned by going through case studies[AWH03]. Decision Making – In both the cases discussed above the decision taken by the pilot either proved wrong or it was too late to make any positive impact and hence the accident which could have been prevented took place. Therefore it is very important for the Pilots to take the right decision at the right time as a delay might take things out of ones hand and there might be no other option left. Now, if we analyze the above graph we will realize that not much of an area is covered by weather related accidents, but if we further move and do a critical study we will find out that weather is directly proportional to most of these and adverse weather can easily cause one of these to give it a shape of a mishap. The last factor which needs very strict consideration is visibility and we can see in both the cases above that even though completely separate phenomenon related to weather were involved in the cause of the above accidents, the result of adverse weather cause loss of visibility completely (as inferred) and therefore the visual ground reference was lost thus causing the accident[DDM03]. Now that we have covered almost all the basic features of weather related accidents, have gone through two case studies and have discussed the precautions it is time to conclude that though weather accidents are very dangerous and highly unpredictable, they are avoidable with a little patience and knowledge. Presence of mind also plays a very important role in order to avoid any such incidents from happening and therefore the aviation industry must take strict steps to ensure that before flying there is enough update on weather and immediate assistance is available in case of trouble[AHEA]. References [AARL] Barnes Warnock McCormick, M. P. Papadakis, Joseph J. Asselta : Aircraft accident reconstruction and litigation [AWS01] National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on National Aviation Weather Services: Aviation weather services: a call for federal leadership and action [AHEA] Douglas A. Wiegmann, Scott A. Shappell: A human error approach to aviation accident analysis: the human [AWH03] Terry T. Lankford :Aviation Weather Handbook [DDM03] ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi/20060048302_2006250471.pdf [PCI]   www.planecrashinfo.com/

The Critical Factors Of Manfield s Quality Management System

2. What appears to be the critical factors of Manfield s Quality Management System? Even before examine all the critical factors, it is already clear Manfield is highly dedicated to total quality management. This dedication certainly reflects an organization whose management promotes a quality friendly culture understanding quality principles and actively motivating employees in requisite activities to implement quality. From Mr. Yuen s participation in a quality seminar at USC where we see the first signs of external benchmarking, comparing the company s operations coordination problems to those Chrysler encountered and the advantages UPS fostered through its ability to create a 24 hour global shipping and tracking abilities, to comprehensive training regiments emphasizing employee empowerment themes of supportive, open cultures, total quality management always maintains a strong presence in Manfield. These exemplification naturally flow into other aspects of total quality management such as continuous improvement which was made possible through audits, examination s and awards to locate areas of weakness and foster motivation among employees to improve performance. This was certainly in addition to the facets comprising Manfield s strong quality management systems, not limited to leadership, human resources, information analysis, and process management. When promoting effective leadership initiatives, Manfield never seems to relent on highlighting the importance of

Scholarly Text Reflection Free Essays

My scholarly text â€Å"How useful is plantations in learning anatomy’ was written by a group of researchers. Some elements that helped me comprehend the text w as the vocabulary because it was anatomy terminology that is in my anatomy and physiology cal as. What also helped me was the texts formation because it was in order from the experiment . We will write a custom essay sample on Scholarly Text Reflection or any similar topic only for you Order Now NET that was taken place. I was also familiar with the tables and charts in the article as well. Some key ideas from the text that I understood was the type of experiment the at was being made along with why and what it was for. Also knew what plantations was b cause of the surrounding vocabulary that helped me figure out what it meant, it means the hands on work with materials and cadavers. I believe that the plantations works well with lea ring anatomy or any subject with students learning about it. These contribute because it all reel dates back to anatomy and the human body and the subject of the article. One place that confused me or provokes a question is the tables and charts. T here are some words and numbers on them that don’t make sense because don’t know w what they refer to. Although understand most of the table and its data, I don’t fully get it. A s tragedy could use to address my confusion with is to reread the text that talks about the tables and charts, then go over the tables and charts again. If still can’t figure out my confusion I would ask my teacher for help or from an expert. How to cite Scholarly Text Reflection, Papers

Transformational Leadership in Nursing free essay sample

Leadership In today’s healthcare system, effective leadership is essential to improving and reaching organizational outcomes. A leader is someone with the ability to influence others but, an effective leader uses positive strategies to inspire employees to work towards the same goal. Leadership in nursing requires a constant effort to motivate others to become part of the organizational transformation. This can be achieved using a transformational leadership style with a focus on communication, motivation, and empowerment. Transformational leadership has been successful in the health care industry due to the visionary approach and adaptability when faced with obstacles. Transformational leaders succeed regardless of restraining factors due to their ability to explore new ways to deliver results and find new approaches in managing resources in the ever-changing health care environment (Samuel, 2003). This type of leadership is inspirational, promotes employee development, uses individual consideration with followers, encourages follower creativity, and is process-focused (Tomey, 2009). The transformational leader acts as a role model who is charismatic and demonstrates competency and integrity. We will write a custom essay sample on Transformational Leadership in Nursing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nursing leaders must possess these qualities in order to inspire employees to work together towards the common vision of the organization. Clear direction and strategy development is necessary to achieve the common goal. This cannot be completed without use of good communication from the nurse leader. Communicating effectively with staff is vital to being a good leader. Learning the best way to communicate with staff is necessary to guide the team towards the identified goal. Delivering a well organized plan to the team and demonstrating confidence in the plan through their actions allows the staff to trust the nurse leader, builds a positive atmosphere and integrates the transformational leadership style into their practice. â€Å"By improving communication processes, for example through staff meetings, patient care activities, and team brief meetings, organizations can encourage innovation and creativity which, in turn, will promote job enlargement and enrichment (Curtis amp; O’Connell, 2011). Active listening is also an important part of communication and allows staff to voice concerns and ideas while the nurse leader listens to understand their true message. Listening to the concerns shows empathy and also builds trust, which is important when working together as a team. Allowing communication to flow evenly between team members and nurse leaders can also help decrease communication barriers. Developing a positive work environment through comm unicating effectively can impact the team and patient care. If members of the nursing team feel their concerns are listened to and acted upon, they will feel more satisfied in their position. They will also be more likely to present ideas for improving patient care and be willing to work with the nurse leader and other team members to see their idea implemented. Nursing team members that are involved in the change process are also more motivated to work towards the nurse leader’s goal. There are many ways to motivate the nursing team to achieve the desired goal while increasing job satisfaction and patient care. Acknowledging the importance of the team member’s skills and including them in problem solving can provide motivation to explore possible solutions to unit issues (Utley, Anderson amp; Atwell, 2011). Providing frequent feedback and praise for good teamwork or accomplishments can also be a motivator. The nurse leader can motivate through inspirational motivation. â€Å"Inspirational motivation involves behaving in ways that motivate others, generate enthusiasm, and challenge people (Utley, Anderson amp; Atwell, 2011). Employee recognition or incentive programs can be implemented to generate enthusiasm and keep the team motivated also. Transformational leaders are known for their motivation and can prevent self-defeating behaviors, destructive emotions, procrastination and avoidance of problems (Samuel, 2003). Motivating the nursing team to assist in problem-solving or forming a team to identify patient care issues can also promote empowerment. Empowering the nursing team allow s them to feel important and become vested in the change process. Transformational leaders value employee contributions, promote quality work performance and job satisfaction (Utley, Anderson amp; Atwell, 2011). Empowering employees allows them to take responsibility and feel that they play an important role in accomplishing the set goal. This increases job enrichment and therefore affects job satisfaction. Another way to empower the nursing staff is to assist them in developing their own leadership skills. Nurse managers should also consider developing junior staff’s leadership skills, particularly in situations where there are nursing shortages or where nurses are reluctant to undertake leadership roles. Leadership in nursing is critical to ensuring consistent standards across all aspects of care and building an environment for excellence (Curtis amp; O’Connell, 2011). † A good transformational leader will continue to motivate and communicate while empowering staff to work towards change. These techniques create a positive work environment that can be felt throughout the unit. Using a transformational leadership style in health care promotes an enthusiastic, optimistic, goal oriented work environment. The leader must use well developed communication skills, motivational techniques, and empowerment to move their team towards achieving the set goal. This includes finding ways to overcome obstacles and continuing to motivate during times when the goal does not seem within reach.

Personal Connections In The Digital Age Essays - Communication

Personal Connections In The Digital Age 2124 words - 8 pages Introduction Compared with the past centuries, there are several types of communication technologies which could be used when communicating with others in the contemporary society. Information flow can be shown in different patterns in the twenty-first century, for example, spoken, written and keyed forms (Brody, 1990). It would be apparent that digital citizens have changed their communication style gradually due to the rapid development of media technologies. According to Dimmich et al. (2011:1266), access to different media technologies stimulates the fluency of interpersonal communication such as telephone, email, instant message (IM) and social networks, thus, users could contact with others without the obstruction of distance and time. Digital media have varied human's original social connection, whether it ruins the quality of personal relationships or explores more communication channels (Byam, 2010). It might be true that the amount of the modern media technologies us ers has increased dramatically and those technologies would play important roles for most people in their daily life and change not only human's communication pattern but also impact on the quality of interpersonal relationship. The modern media technologies would attract more general public to utilize because of simultaneousness, interactivity, social identification and extension of social circle. However, some users would consider negative effects on interpersonal relationship, which result from heavy reliance of media technologies, for instance, ineffective communication due to unclear expression, threat to close relationship and a sense of interpersonal alienation. This essay will analyse the reasons why media technologies have become the mainstream channels in interpersonal relationship. After that, it will discuss the potential drawbacks to interpersonal relationship, which are caused by media technologies and make users to consider what extend they should rely on those modern media technologies. Shorten the distance of interpersonal relationship between users The new media technologies might usually be regarded as the best approach for users to shorten the geographic distance between users, although they live far from each other. "Going through their daily lives, many interpersonal media users are frequently in a state of mobility (Dimmich, 2011, pp.1269)." For example, expatriate employees would use the modern media to communicate with left behind relatives. According to Madianou and Miller's (2012:171) research on digital media in interpersonal relationship, the improvement of modern communication technologies and media convergence result in the revolution of interpersonal communication, the dramatical population movement and the flow of human capital. The increase of demand of the modern communication technologies could be found in migrants and their family members who still live in their homeland (Parrenas, 2005 cited in Madianou and Miller, 2012, pp.171). It mi ght be true that migrants' families rely on the modern communication technologies since it could break geographical boundaries and make them to connect with their family members easily, therefore, they could maintain their relationship in different nations. In addition, instantaneousness might be an impressive character of the modern communication technologies. The traditional communication style such as face-to-face communication could make communicators exchange information directly and simultaneously, as a result, effective communication could be caused. By contrast, some early communication medium could not serve a synchronous function, for instance, email. However, owing to the advancement in new media, information nowadays could be delivered without delay. Baym (2010) mentions that face-to-face conversation could be realized in synchronous communication media, for example, phone call and instant messages. Utz (2007:695) indicates that the computer-mediated communication overcomes the geographical distance between users, but also reduces the time of delivering messages, and the communication based on the modern media would be synchronous. In the early of twenty first century research (O'sullivan, Hunt and Lippert, 2004), it showed that the immediacy of computer-mediated communication facilitates successful management of long-distance relationship. There is no doubt that immediate information could be received by implementing the modern communication technologies that could be regarded as the channels with the similar function as face-to-face communication. Therefore, users who do not live in the same area could maintain their relationship easily because the instantaneous makes them to ignore the real distance. Interactivity in virtual space Compared with traditional communication, the most significant feature of the modern media technologies might be its interactivity, especially the social network service

How to Perform the Mohs Hardness Test

How to Perform the Mohs Hardness Test Identifying rocks and minerals relies heavily on chemistry, but most of us dont carry around a chem lab when were outside, nor do we have one to take rocks back to when we come home. So, how do you identify rocks? You gather information about your treasure to narrow down the possibilities. Its helpful to know the hardness of your rock. Rock hounds often use the Mohs test to estimate the hardness of a sample. In this test, you scratch an unknown sample with a material of known hardness. Heres how you can perform the test yourself. Difficulty: EasyTime Required: mere seconds Heres How: Find a clean surface on the specimen to be tested.Try to scratch this surface with the point of an object of known hardness, by pressing it firmly into and across your test specimen. For example, you could try to scratch the surface with the point on a crystal of quartz (hardness of 9), the tip of a steel file (hardness about 7), the point of a piece of glass (about 6), the edge of a penny (3), or a fingernail (2.5). If your point is harder than the test specimen, you should feel it bite into the sample.Examine the sample. Is there an etched line? Use your fingernail to feel for a scratch, since sometimes a soft material will leave a mark that looks like a scratch. If the sample is scratched, then it is softer than or equal in hardness to your test material. If the unknown was not scratched, it is harder than your tester.If you are unsure of the results of the test, repeat it, using a sharp surface of the known material and a fresh surface of the unknown.Most people dont carry around examples of all ten levels of the Mohs hardness scale, but you probably have a couple of points in your possession. If you can, test your specimen against other points to get a good idea of its hardness. For example, if you scatch your specimen with glass, you know its hardness is less than 6. If you cant scratch it with a penny, you know its hardness is between 3 and 6. The calcite in this photo has a Mohs hardness of 3. Quartz and a penny would scratch it, but a fingernail would not. Tips: Try to collect examples of as many hardness levels as you can. You can use a fingernail (2.5), penny (3), a piece of glass (5.5-6.5), a piece of quartz (7), steel file (6.5-7.5), sapphire file (9). What You Need: unknown specimenobjects of known hardness (e.g., coin, fingernail, glass)

Strategies for Avoiding Plagiarism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategies for Avoiding Plagiarism - Essay Example One can use the resources of other people to paraphrase, summarize, copy words, phrases or sentences in his or her work. Therefore, writers should fully acknowledge the source of the resource used for clear citation through in-citation or bibliography in order to avoid plagiarism There are various strategies that writers use to avoid plagiarism in their work. The first strategy widely used by academic writers to avoid plagiarism is proper documentation of resources used in their contents. Content documentation refers to the acknowledgment of authors of academic work used in developing one's work. The writer documents the authors of resources such as books, articles, blogs, newspaper posts, essays, magazines, songs, and artworks. Documentation is the safest and appropriate strategy to avoid plagiarism completely. Secondly, academic writers employ another strategy of proper planning before beginning to write academic work. Planning is an important step to make while writing academic papers and presentations since it ensures that one utilizes resources effectively and acknowledges authors adequately. Proper planning also enhances proper choice of works, ideas, statements and phrase to use in the content of the work being produced. Planning for academic writing involves adequate resource search, analysis of identified sources in accordance with the topic discussed and selection of the most appropriate resources to use in executing the academic writing process. Therefore, proper planning is an important strategy used by the writer to avoid writing mistakes such as plagiarism. The two strategies of avoiding plagiarism identified have different impact and importance in the academic writing process. In a comparison of these strategies, both strategies enable writers to avoid plagiarism in the work.  

Response to Valedictorian Speech- Discussion on high school education Essay

Response to Valedictorian Speech- Discussion on high school education - Essay Example In this discussion about the American education system, the controversial issue is whether the academia has adequately prepared its students for the challenges of higher education. On one hand, Goldson argues that she is graduating at the top of her class only because she did her best to follow what she was told to do within the system that is already set up before her. On the other hand, the academia contends that they stress not only memorization, but also understanding, challenging, and innovating when engaging new ideas. My own view is that the potential to learn and probe cannot be suppressed if we do not allow it. I believe, too, that the academia does not wish to see its students fail to thrive in school. It is about time that people begin to see that grades do not make the person. Such thinking could lead the way towards, hopefully, important and effective

Common arguments of climate skeptics against human-induced global Essay

Common arguments of climate skeptics against human-induced global warming and counter-arguments - Essay Example So much has the issue received so much attention to an extent that numerous organizations/ agencies have taken initiatives to reward numerous personalities including politicians, environmentalists, and ordinary citizens who speak against global warming and climate change and even set up programs or initiatives that are aimed at combating the crisis of climate change and global warming. In order to commence this discussion that basically revolves around global warming and climate change it is beneficial to first define the two key terms. In the writings by Patz et al. (2005), they described global warming as the rise in atmospheric temperatures that have general caused a warming effect across the world and it has been caused by the increased accumulation of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide within the atmosphere. With reference to the writings by Bouwer (2006), he described climate change as the change in the traditional global weather patterns because of an increasing in greenh ouses gases especially carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Parry et al. (2005) in their writings is quoted describing â€Å"climate change as â€Å"a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years.† It is important to note that with the increased deposits of greenhouse gases on the atmosphere the weather pattern is bound to change since because of the presence of new variables (greenhouses gases) that were not there in the earlier centuries. As part of the discussion surrounding the issues of global warming and climate change, a sharp focus has always been diverted to the causes of these two major issues. Studies have grouped the causes into two categories that include natural causes and human induced causes. In regards to the causes, this particular study will seek to provide counter-arguments in the common arguments of climate change skeptics against human induced global warming. The s tudy will begin with a brief overview of the common human-induced causes of global warming and a discussion of how climate change skeptics view the theory of climate and even their view of carbon dioxide as a pollutant, which provides a basis for their skeptical arguments against human-induced global warming. In the third section, the essay will present common arguments of climate change skeptics against human-induced global and thereafter, a counter argument to refute the claims by the skeptics. Common human-induced causes of global warming According to Ruddiman et al. (2005), the industrial revolution, which commenced in the 19th century initiated the use of large amounts of fossil fuels for industrial purposes. These industries were created a paradigm change in the job market as workforce moved from rural areas to urban areas. This trend is still being witnessed up to date as more vegetation cover is being cleared to pave way for construction of more industries and houses that wi ll be used to house the workforce of these business capitals. Additionally, in the wake of industrial revolution a huge percentage of the earth’s natural resources are being converted for commercial use, and the increase of human nature on â€Å"material things† coupled with population increase has resulted in the increase of waste on the earth’s surface as well as the green house gases (Ezzati et al. 2004). DiMento and

Project Management and Life Cycle

Project Management and Life Cycle Introduction: Project: Project is a thing usually with very specific objectives. It is temporary, means it starts and end and it is some way unique, Roland and Bee (1998). Project Initiation: Project Life Cycle: Project life cycle consist of four steps Concept or Idea, Planning, Execution and Termination, Field and Keller (2007). Concept: In concept stage firstly we have to develop project agreement, analyze the requirements of the project and build up beginning project scope report, Burke (2003). Planning: Planning stage consist of developing project management plan, plan and define scope than creating Work Break Down structure, which means to distribute the work according to schedule to different workers. Further sequence activities, activity resources, activity duration, cost, plan cost budget are estimated. Planning for quality assurance, communications, risk management, purchases and acquisitions is done. Moreover human resource planning is done to complete the planning stage, Burke (2003). Execution: Project execution is managed in execution with performing the quality assurance, developing the project team and distributing the information. Further project work is controlled and managed, scope, schedule, cost, quality, risk is verified and control. Contracts and project team are managed, Burke (2003). Termination: Project is closed and it contracts are closed as well, Burke (2003). Project Manager: Project Manager is the person who is appointed to manage as specific project and it is expected from him to achieve the goal keeping in mind the project scope, schedule and budget, Richman (2002). Role and Responsibilities: Project Managers responsibilities include estimating and planning the project including the collection of data, keeping in mind that what is to be done exactly and how to organize it properly within schedule and budget, Field and Keller (2007). Assembling a team is also a role of project manager. The success or the failure of the project totally depends on the project team. A project manager should motivate his team, manage any problems between the team members and ensure good communication between them, Field and Keller (2007). Project Manager is responsible for the whole project so he is the spokesperson of the project and its his job to answer his heads, the clients and every other person who is having part in this project, Field and Keller (2007). This is project managers responsibility to make sure that all the equipments and tools are there which will be needed for the project completion. Project manager after start of the project manages all the work done, coordinating with th e team members and other staff, Field and Keller (2007). The changes due to any problem in the project are the role of project manager keeping in mind the budget and the schedule, Field and Keller (2007). Skills: There are some skills that a project manager should have like people skill. A project manager should have to skill to deal with people, how to handle them, how to motivate the employees and how to convince other people to make the project successful, Richman (2002). A project manager should be able to estimate the cost and able to make the budget plan. He should be able to perform audit reports, analyze progress information and able to plan and perform a project, Richman (2002). Project manager should have to knowledge of the organization which will help him to take decisions and achieve its task on time and within cost. He should also have technical and integration skills so that he can be able to understand anything provided by the civil engineer or other employee relating the project, Richman (2002). A project manager should be responsible, and he should have skills of accountability and authority, Richman (2002). Planning: Planning is a very important step of a project because the process of planning firstly establishes what have to be done and also helps in making it happen by smoothing the way, Burke (2003). Planning is everything about looking forward in time, Burke (2003). Work Breakdown Structure: It can be defined as a product oriented duty chain of command of all to be done to achieve the project objectives. The product can be anything documents, tests, reports or other, Rook (1991). In Work breakdown structure the work of the project is divided and further sub divided for management and control purpose, Turner (1993). Risk Management: For a project to be successfully completed management of risk is very necessary, because of this a manger gets a clear idea about the risks a project might face in the future, Field and Keller (2007). Risk management is the active process of identifying, assessing and responding to the project risk, to ensure that the company meets its objectives and the project is successful, Field and Keller (2007). Identify risk means to find out what type of risk a company might face during the project. Assessing involves the evaluation and estimation of levels of risks. Responding means to make precautions how to overcome these risks, Field and Keller (2007). Scheduling: Scheduling is one of the many important stages for a project manager. To ensure that the project finishes on time it is important to make a detailed schedule for every activity in the project and keep an eye on the process against this schedule, Field and Keller (2007). Gant Charts: Bar charts showing a schedule of activities are usually called Gant charts. Gant chart is very simple and effective and because of this it is an attractive way of conveying information about the timetable to the people concerned with the project, Field and Keller (2007). Network Diagram: Network Diagram is a visual illustration of the schedule of a project. It is useful in project management for tracking and planning the project from the start till the end. Critical path as well as the total float of the project is also presented in network diagram, Field and Keller (2007). Float is the extra time existing for an activity in addition to the duration estimated. A critical path is said to be a path with smallest amount of float, Field and Keller (2007). Managing Stakeholders: Stakeholders can be an individual or a group who have an interest in the project, they are affected by it and can influence its result, Field and Keller (2007). It is a part of project management to identify stakeholders, assess their interest in the project and with this information, try and mange relationships with such groups, Field and Keller (2007). Building Team and Assigning Tasks: People are the main source of any project. Success is achieved through people who work as a team, Field and Keller (2007). Project management is about working with people. Objectives, schedules, machines, plans are important but it is people who get things done, Field and Keller (2007). A manager should build a skilled team and assign them their tasks and make sure they get the point and than keep an eye on the teams progress, Field and Keller (2007). The work breakdown structure should be the basic framework for assigning responsibilities, Field and Keller (2007). Team Motivation: Team motivation is a very important task to be performed by the project manager. A motivated team performs its responsibilities more efficiently and within given time, Field and Keller (2007). A team can be motivated through many ways, some are under: Encourage and support. Give rewards, awards and bonuses. Promotional opportunities. Give responsibilities. Have a democratic system. Staff training, X-Factor Recreational opportunities. Maslows hierarchy of needs. Lead by example. Field and Keller (2007). Controlling: Project scope is defined, plan has been produced, the association has been set up, the assets have been allocated and the project has been approved. Now the project manager during the execution of the project has to keep in mind that the project is going according to the plan, the team is working as directed and the project is under estimated cost and time, Field and Keller (2007). Managing Initial Stages: The most important actions in start that a project manager should take are: Identify training needs and arrange workshops Arrange startup meetings with stakeholders. Get contract for work assurance from project staff. Setup the control change procedure. Agree to a timetable for monitoring and control reports and meetings. Field and Keller (2007). Monitoring and Controlling Cost: Project costs are usually measured through accounting systems in any business but projects managers usually setup their own system for monitoring and controlling achievements and project costs, Field and Keller (2007). The system is known as earned value system. It tells the manager the cost of work performed so far and in addition it also tells the value earned by the work, Field and Keller (2007). The earned value of the task completed on a project is the amount that was estimated and attached to that work when the project budget was described, Field and Keller (2007). Controlling cost is more difficult than monitoring the cost. It is very difficult to recommend how it should be done, Field and Keller (2007). Cost controlling is only about controlling future cost, its not about expenses done it the past. But it is helpful for a manager because he can decide through the future to control the price and try and keep it within the allowed budget. Maintaining the Schedule: Maintaining schedule includes updating the network of the project, tracking of milestone and usage of earned value curves, Field and Keller (2007). As the monitoring and controlling of cost is necessary in the same way maintaining the project schedule is also necessary to see that whether the tasks are completed late, on time or early, Field and Keller (2007). If the project is on or before time than no schedule changes are required but if the project is behind its schedule than the project manager needs to make some changes in the schedule to make sure that the project finishes on time, Field and Keller (2007). Maintaining Quality: Product quality is a powerful tool. Quality is to assure the client that the product will be every time produced to the required condition, Burke (1992). If the quality is not up to the mark than its a mangers job to make sure that the product meet its quality and control the quality. Its managers job to do the inspection of the products and take any needed steps to make sure that the quality of the product is up to the mark, Burke (1992). Termination of the Project: Project manager right from the beginning had in mind the target of successfully closing the project, Field and Keller (2007). The project manager tries his best to finish the project in good quality, within budget and schedule, Field and Keller (2007). There are many problems that might rise in the closure or termination of the project defined by Spirer (1983) as: Staff might have the fear of no future work which might lose interest in remaining task. It might also lose motivation of the staff in project delivering, team identity might be lost and this might cause diversion of effort, Spirer (1983). There is a possibility that clients may change their attitude, they might lose interest in the project and may change their personnel dealing with the project, Spirer (1983). There might be some internal and external problems that might be faced at the closure of the project like control of changes to project, closure of work orders and work packages, obtaining needed certifications and many more, Spirer (1983). Conclusion: As a project manager of this huge project I have presented in this report the steps needed to successfully complete this project on time, within budget and with quality standards. This project is a dream come true for me and following the steps provided above I will easily achieve my objectives and the project will be successful.

Solving Problem Creatively Over The Net :: essays research papers

Solving Problem Creatively Over the Net Since I got my internet privileges last 3 month, I had learn and encounter many weird and wonderful things. I have met the ugly side of internet and learnt something called "if you overspend your time limit, the phone bill gonna be very ugly."Perhaps the most interesting moment I encounter in the internet is when I discover homepage making. I made a homepage from learning HTML language from a web site. I want my homepage to be bold and simple but most of all animation- free. As a surfer myself, I know how it feels when entering a homepage that is full with high resolution graphic and animation. The animation had to be reload and reload again. Within 2 hours I managed to made myself a homepage.I also know to make an impressive homepage,one must have a high counter number so that people will revisit the homepage again. I can't use any "sensual" word to attract people cause it's against Geocities's rule. So I did a very nasty thing. I cheated, I put an extra counter number in my homepage beside my origi nal counter number so each time when it reload it will look like this---->0101.While the only people who visited my homepage was myself, but instead the counter number show 101. MIRC The Solution When my PC suffered a data crash, I lost all my data. I lost all my e-mail address and most importantly my browser.The computer technician managed to repair my PC but he gave me an old version of Netscape.I have trouble using it in Win'95.So I downloaded the later version of Netscape.The downloading seize when it reaches 52%. I had to reload if I were to use Netscape.Instead I used MIRC to download the program because MIRC come with this neat feature that allow me to resume downloading where I left out. As a result, I get to continue my downloading at 17564 byte from a friend. I'm The Biggest Leech The rule of warez is-to download you must upload. The warez people even wrote a scipt to ban people who didn't upload when they download. To upload any program of mine to anyone will take forever, all the file I have is at least 6

Damath Game Essay

Introduction: Damath comes from the Pinoys checker board game called â€Å"dama† and Mathematics. It blends local civilization. instruction and digital engineering that aim to do math instruction and larning child-friendly. disputing and synergistic. DAMATH. a patent-pending mathematical board-game invented by five-time national awardees Jesus L. Huenda. is coined from the popular Filipino checker board game of Dama. ( or lady in Spanish ) and mathematics. It started in a Sorsogon National High School category in Sorsogon. Philippines and its popularity spread rapidly and resulted in the first national DAMATH competitions held at Legaspi City in 1980. He initiated this competition with the support of the Science Foundation of the Philippines. He hopes to present DAMATH to secondary math instructors as portion of a demand of his work as PASMEP Fellow at Curtin University / WACAE. Western Australia. Why DAMATH? Because in its alone manner. Damath board game ushers the Filipino school childs into the new millenary by fiting them with competitory life-long acquisition for understanding and ICT-fluency accomplishments. When school kids play Damath board game they besides learn to research. firm-up. intensify. and reassign to day-to-day undertakings the constructs of existent Numberss and its belongingss and operations. Furthermore. it stimulates the children’s capableness to believe deeper through originative math storytelling. flow chart. construct map. tree diagram. image conundrum. haiku. cryptograph. secret codification decrypting. simulation. function playing. jangle or blame composition. contemplation diary authorship. and job resolution. This game is gratifying and you can larn fast about calculating and using the different operations in Mathematics. Aims of the game â€Å"DAMATH† I. To incorporate the Filipino checkerboard game of Dama into the instruction of mathematical constructs and accomplishments. two. To promote the use of recycled stuffs in building Damath board set ( for schoolroom usage merely ) . three. To analyse Damath as a possible topic of mathematical probes. four. To heighten wholesome interpersonal dealingss among scholars. v. To advance mathematical consciousness among. household members in peculiar and the community in general through the mathematics club’s community outreach Damath competitions. six. To advance consciousness of misss in mathematics [ as male monarch is to the game of cheat. so dama is to Damath ] . History of the game: The game’s name. â€Å"Damath. † comes from the popular board game â€Å"dama† and â€Å"mathematics. † It was invented by Jesus L. Huenda. a instructor in Sorsogon. who had encountered jobs in learning math utilizing traditional instruction methods. Inspired in portion by an investigatory undertaking called â€Å"Dama de Numero† submitted by a pupil in 1975. Huenda overhauled the game and introduced it to his category. who enjoyed playing. Damath grew in popularity so that by 1980. the first Damath tourney was held in Sorsogon. The following twelvemonth. Huenda received a gilded medallion from the late President Ferdinand Marcos for his parts in the field of learning mathematics. The game reached its peak popularity in the ninetiess. when it made the unit of ammunitions of several mathematics instruction conventions all over the universe such as the tenth Conference of the Mathematical Association of Western Australia ( MAWA ) . the UNESCO-ICT4E co nference in Thailand. the SEAMEO RECSAM/SEAMEC conference in Malaysia. and the APEC Learning Community Builders ( ALCoB ) conference in Korea. The Basic game of the Play As the name implies. the game is basically the same as Dama but with an added math turn: in order to win in Damath. a participant must hit the most points which are earned by â€Å"eating† the opponent’s pieces. In Dama. the move ends at that place ; in Damath. the participant must work out the mathematical operation on the square in which the opponent’s piece is presently standing. The reply to that mathematical operation is the sum of points that the participant will have when s/he does â€Å"eat† the opponent’s piece. If the piece marked â€Å"-1† chows the piece marked â€Å"-3. † with â€Å"-3† standing on a generation square. the participant must foremost work out the operation ( -1 x -3 = 3 ) and will acquire three points. The game will travel on until all pieces belonging to a participant have been eaten and the tonss computed. Because of the demand to work out operations. participants must name down all moves during the game so the moves can be reviewed. particularly by the Judgess in a tourney scene.

ATT Breakup essays

ATT Breakup essays Our book talks about managing strategy and strategic planning. I chose to write my paper on ATs recent breakup into four satellite companies. I intend to show how their past planning was not well-suited for their rapidly changing industry, and how they are now adjusting strategies and preparing for the uncertainties that the future holds. ATs and how well they are doing in the market. AT ...

Bahram Sadeghi Defines Literature Essays - Sadeghi, Free Essays

Bahram Sadeghi Defines Literature Essays - Sadeghi, Free Essays Bahram Sadeghi Defines Literature Understanding Literature Dr. Nojoumian January 20, 2014 Bahram Sadeghi Defines Literature Malakut, a novelette and The Trench and the Empty Canteens, a collection of short stories added to the galaxy of Persian literature a new star; a very big and special star named Bahram Sadeghi. His style was not like anybody else before him in the Persian literatures history of storytelling (Taghizade qtd. In Aslani 83) and could not be imitated by anybody after him (Saedi, Bahram Sadeghis Art of Storytelling). He also had published some poems under the pseudonym Sahba Meghdari_ an anagram of his name Bahram Sadeghi_ but giving up soon for storytelling. Exploring Sadeghis view toward literature is worthwhile because of the great influence he had on the later generations of Persian short story writers, Houshang Golshiri among the most notable ones (Golshiri). Mr. Writer has just started to write, one of the short stories in the collection The Trench and the Empty Canteens, is itself the story of the production of a literary work which can gives us some clue for further research about how Sadeghi defined literature. In the story of Mr. Writer has just started to write, Mr. Writers story Mr. Asbaghi will come back is being analyzed by a strict critic who has complaints from the beginning of the story to its end (Sadeghi 148). The story begins in the middle of the action. The narrator who is the conductor of the meeting starts the story by claiming that Mr. Writer has just started to write, is a nave writer; he believes that the writer shows a lack of taste in naming the story Mr. Asbaghi will come back. He provides the basics of

Intergovernmental Immunities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Intergovernmental Immunities - Essay Example At the macro level, we have the national government while at the micro-level, we have the state or provincial governments. These levels of government co-exist with â€Å"an established division of governmental powers; legislative, executive and judicial.†1 Federal governments hinge on the idea involving â€Å"territorial divisions of authority, typically entrenched in the constitution which neither a sub-unit nor the center can alter unilaterally† (Follesdall 2003). This form of government is different and should be distinguished properly with the decentralized authority in unitary states where the central government has direct authority to revoked at will legislation governing the government. â€Å"What a legislature can do under a unitary system of government may be denied to either the central or regional governments and, sometimes as s  92 of our Constitution2 shows, to both the central and regional governments.†3 As Dicey pointed out, "The object for which a federal state is formed involves a division of authority between the national government and the separate States. 4 According to Dicey, the ceding of the some of the powers States to the national government created so many limitations upon the authority of the States. However, he also noted that such ceding of powers does not carry with it the right of the national government to â€Å"have the opportunity of encroaching upon the rights retained by the States.†5 It is, therefore, an acknowledged fact that the parameters of the powers given to the national government and those, which are retained by the States, should be subjected to â€Å"rigorous definition."  Nonetheless, separation of powers as what is espoused by the principles of federalism does not necessarily purport a total abdication of powers where there is total and complete immunity of intergovernmental sectors and its instrumentalities.  

Ethnocentrism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Ethnocentrism - Essay Example hropologists agree, likes to make premature judgments about other cultures and consequently brings false assumptions into his dealings with other cultural groups. In international relations, as a result, innumerable conflicts have broken out in the name of ethnocentrism. Constructive resolution of such conflicts between social groups have proven intractable in most cases because of one group’s lack of understanding of the other’s cultural uniqueness. One of the earlier names of ethnocentrism is colonialism, in which one culture sought to â€Å"civilize† and â€Å"develop† another. As was often the case, the social group placed under the gun of colonialism had its own concept of â€Å"civilization† and â€Å"development† which was quite different. Conflicts inevitably occurred. â€Å"When people are denied the legitimacy of their own life goal,† notes anthropologist Ken Barger, â€Å"they turn to radical means outside accepted practice.† Thus, we witnessed the bloody revolutions in colonized nations against colonizers that eventually led to global de-colonization starting in the 1950s, to coincide with the growth and acceptance of the United Nations. Colonialism is actually one of the three extreme forms of ethnocentrism, the other two being racism and ethnic cleansing. The latter gave rise to the most notorious ethnocentric of all time, Hitler, who sought to annihilate the Jews in favor of the â€Å"pure’ Aryan race and in the process triggered World War I. The belief that any culture represents the pinnacle of human achievement, which certainly possessed Hitler, is cultural arrogance of the worst form, a gross misreading of history and anthropology. Evidence of the evils wrought by ethnocentrism is all over the globe in modern times. On top of this is the mutual ethnocentric attitude between the Islamic world and the capitalist societies represented by the United States which now more than ever threatens to divide the planet. The Islamic societies